3864 x 2577 jpeg 1636kB. [16] The former would help explain how the building could have so easily lost its original name and purpose (Ziolkowski contends that it was originally the Temple of Mars in Campo)[17] in such a relatively short period of time.[18]. His fiancée, Maria Bibbiena is buried to the right of his sarcophagus; she died before they could marry. Le premier bâtiment du Panthéon a été bâti par Agrippa, général et homme politique romain, sous Auguste, vers -25 (25 av. The two plaques commemorate Maria Bibbiena and Annibale Carracci. [11], Godfrey and Hemsoll point out that ancient authors never refer to Hadrian's Pantheon with the word aedes, as they do with other temples, and the Severan inscription carved on the architrave uses simply "Pantheum". Pantheon, Rome, a temple to the gods of ancient Rome, now a Roman Catholic church building; Panthéon, Paris, a commemorative monument and burial place . The altar with the royal arms is by Cirilli. The Historia Augusta says that Hadrian dedicated the Pantheon (among other buildings) in the name of the original builder (Hadr. Die plein buite die Panteon dra dieselfde naam - Piazza della Rotonda. Pantheon, The Ancient Roman Building - Traveldigg.com. [21], The form of Agrippa's Pantheon is debated. [2], The building is cylindrical with a portico of large granite Corinthian columns (eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind) under a pediment. The first niche to the right of the entrance holds a Madonna of the Girdle and St Nicholas of Bari (1686) painted by an unknown artist. This refers to the confraternity of artists and musicians that was formed here by a 16th-century Canon of the church, Desiderio da Segni, to ensure that worship was maintained in the chapel. English: An image of Pantheon in Rome, Italy. [48] Thus, it was necessary to either drag them or to move them on rollers to the construction site. The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43.3 metres (142 ft), so the whole interior would fit exactly within a cube (or, a 43.3-m sphere could fit within the interior). colosseumrometickets.com. The Pantheon is in use as a Catholic church. [64] The oculus also serves as a cooling and ventilation method. The Pantheon is the best preserved of all Roman buildings. The east pediment narrates the birth … A rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda, which is under a coffered concrete dome, with a central opening (oculus) to the sky. The Governance of Rome. [15] It seems likely that the Pantheon and the Basilica of Neptune were Agrippa's sacra privata, not aedes publicae (public temples). During storms, a drainage system below the floor handles the rain that falls through the oculus. Hadrian membangun kuil ini untuk penyembahan terhadap dewa-dewa Romawi. At the very top, where the dome would be at its weakest and vulnerable to collapse, the oculus actually lightens the load. As a result of excavations in the late 19th century, archaeologist Rodolfo Lanciani concluded that Agrippa's Pantheon was oriented so that it faced south, in contrast with the current layout that faces north, and that it had a shortened T-shaped plan with the entrance at the base of the "T". En grec ancien, πᾶν (pãn) signifie « tout » et θεός (theos), « dieu ». [citation needed], The building was originally approached by a flight of steps. On the first niche to the left of the entrance is an Assumption (1638) by Andrea Camassei. Umberto was buried in the Pantheon in Rome, by the side of his father Victor Emmanuel II, on 9 August 1900. In the walls at the back of the Pantheon's portico are two huge niches, perhaps intended for statues of Augustus Caesar and Agrippa. [54], The stresses in the dome were found to be substantially reduced by the use of successively less dense aggregate stones, such as small pots or pieces of pumice, in higher layers of the dome. Le Panthéon est un monument de style néo-classique situé dans le 5 e arrondissement de Paris.Au cœur du Quartier latin, sur la montagne Sainte-Geneviève, il est au centre de la place du Panthéon et entouré notamment de la mairie du 5 e arrondissement, du lycée Henri-IV, de l'église Saint-Étienne-du-Mont, de la bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève et de la faculté de droit. [50] However, analysis of the fusion technique confirmed that these are the original Roman doors,[49] a rare example of Roman monumental bronze surviving, despite cleaning and the application of Christian motifs over the course of centuries. Among those buried there are the painters Raphael and Annibale Carracci, the composer Arcangelo Corelli, and the architect Baldassare Peruzzi. Dans l'Antiquité, les villes étaient créées sous l'égide d'un dieu protecteur de la ville (« divinité poliade »), et le fondateur trouvait sa légitimité en s'affirmant être le fils d'un dieu (surtout chez les Grecs). The golden lamp above the tomb burns in honor of Victor Emmanuel III, who died in exile in 1947. ISBN 978-90-247-1458-2 MacDonald, William L.. Le Panthéon est un temple que les Grecs et les Romains consacraient à certains de leurs dieux, par exemple le Panthéon de Rome, dédié à tous les dieux. The Pantheon is a state property, managed by Italy's Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism through the Polo Museale del Lazio. [5], The pediment was decorated with relief sculpture, probably of gilded bronze. Dernière modification le 23 novembre 2020, à 17:19. To the sides are paintings (1661) by Francesco Cozza, one of the Virtuosi: Adoration of the Shepherds on left side and Adoration of the Magi on right. Giuseppe Sacconi participated, but lost – he would later design the tomb of Umberto I in the opposite chapel. Each was 11.9 metres tall, 1.5 metres in diameter, and 60 tonnes in weight. Instead, after the intended columns failed to arrive, the builders made many awkward adjustments in order to use shafts 40 Roman feet tall and capitals eight Roman feet tall. [6], The name "Pantheon" is from the Ancient Greek "Pantheion" (Πάνθειον) meaning "of, relating to, or common to all the gods": (pan- / "παν-" meaning "all" + theion / "θεῖον"= meaning "of or sacred to a god"). Hidden chambers engineered within the rotunda form a sophisticated structural system. [71], Among the most notable versions are the church of Santa Maria Assunta (1664) in Ariccia by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, which followed his work restoring the Roman original,[72] Belle Isle House (1774) in England and Thomas Jefferson's library at the University of Virginia, The Rotunda (1817–1826). At its thickest point, the aggregate is travertine, then terracotta tiles, then at the very top, tufa and pumice, both porous light stones. Weddings are also held there from time to time. Image taken by Martin Olsson (mnemo on wikipedia and commons, martin@minimum.se), 2nd of May 2005. [55] This reduced the weight of the roof, as did the elimination of the apex by means of the oculus.[56]. It is made from several materials, including marble, granite, concrete and brick.The Parthenon is a Doric temple supported by ionic columns. Lise Hetland argues that the present construction began in 114, under Trajan, four years after it was destroyed by fire for the second time (Oros. The sarcophagus was given by Pope Gregory XVI, and its inscription reads ILLE HIC EST RAPHAEL TIMUIT QUO SOSPITE VINCI / RERUM MAGNA PARENS ET MORIENTE MORI, meaning "Here lies Raphael, by whom the mother of all things (Nature) feared to be overcome while he was living, and while he was dying, herself to die". [49] These were thought to be a 15th century replacement for the original, mainly because they were deemed by contemporary architects to be too small for the door frames. [39] The only other loss has been the external sculptures, which adorned the pediment above Agrippa's inscription. Behind the tomb is the statue known as the Madonna del Sasso (Madonna of the Rock) so named because she rests one foot on a boulder. The tomb of King Umberto I and his wife Margherita di Savoia is in the next chapel. The building standing today was constructed on the same site around 126 CE. Filippo Brunelleschi, among other architects, looked to the Pantheon as inspiration for their works. "[12], Since the French Revolution, when the church of Sainte-Geneviève in Paris was deconsecrated and turned into the secular monument called the Panthéon of Paris, the generic term pantheon has sometimes been applied to other buildings in which illustrious dead are honoured or buried. The tomb consists of a slab of alabaster mounted in gilded bronze. [61], Upon entry, visitors are greeted by an enormous rounded room covered by the dome. Holes marking the location of clamps that held the sculpture suggest that its design was likely an eagle within a wreath; ribbons extended from the wreath into the corners of the pediment.[42]. Die digter Giuseppe Gioachino Belli (1791−1863), 'n boorling van Rome, het een van sy «Romeinse sonette» aan La Rotonna gewy. not "Aedes Panthei" (temple of all the gods). The first chapel on the right, the Chapel of the Annunciation, has a fresco of the Annunciation attributed to Melozzo da Forlì. On the left side is a canvas by Clement Maioli of St Lawrence and St Agnes (1645–1650). The best known of such structures is the Pantheonof Rome, first built by Marcus Agrippaas part of a complex created by him on his own property in the Campus Martiusin 29–19 BC. Dedication made to the Deus Invictus by a Roman legionary in Brigetio, Pannonia Invictus ("Unconquered, Invincible") was in use as a divine epithet by the early 3rd century BC. Pantheon Rome … [57] The oculus at the dome's apex and the entry door are the only natural sources of light in the interior. On 23 July 1725, the Pantheon was established as Cardinal-deaconry of S. Maria ad Martyres, i.e. Cassius Dio, a Graeco-Roman senator, consul and author of a comprehensive History of Rome, writing approximately 75 years after the Pantheon's reconstruction, mistakenly attributed the domed building to Agrippa rather than Hadrian. [73] Other notable replicas, such as The Rotunda (New York) (1818), do not survive. The dome features sunken panels (coffers), in five rings of 28. [14] Godfrey and Hemsoll maintain that the word Pantheon "need not denote a particular group of gods, or, indeed, even all the gods, since it could well have had other meanings. It was originally built as a temple to the gods of Ancient Rome, and rebuilt about 126 AD during Hadrian 's reign. This description was widely accepted until the late 20th century. Nama Pantheon berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang berarti Rumah Semua Dewa. Pope Urban VIII (1623 to 1644) ordered the bronze ceiling of the Pantheon's portico melted down. Mark Wilson Jones has attempted to explain the design adjustments carried out in relating the porch to the dome, arguing that the Pantheon's porch was originally designed for monolithic granite columns with shafts 50 Roman feet tall (weighing about 100 tonnes) and capitals 10 Roman feet tall in the Corinthian style. ISBN 0-521-84202-6 Loewenstein, Karl. www.thoughtco.com. The first chapel on the left, is the Chapel of St Joseph in the Holy Land, and is the chapel of the Confraternity of the Virtuosi at the Pantheon. [47] After being unloaded near the Mausoleum of Augustus, the site of the Pantheon was still about 700 metres away. [51] Finite element analysis of the structure by Mark and Hutchison[53] found a maximum tensile stress of only 0.128 MPa (18.5 psi) at the point where the dome joins the raised outer wall. Il Pantheon (in greco antico: Πάνθεον [ἱερόν], Pántheon [hierón], «[tempio] di tutti gli dei»), in latino classico Pantheum, è un edificio della Roma antica situato nel rione Pigna nel centro storico, costruito come tempio dedicato a tutte le divinità passate, presenti e future. 19.10), but the current inscription could not be a copy of the original; it provides no information as to who Agrippa's foundation was dedicated to, and, in Ziolkowski's opinion, it was highly unlikely that in 25 BC Agrippa would have presented himself as "consul tertium." Kuil ini turut digunakan sebagai gereja dari tahun 609 sampai 1885 serta sebagai suatu tempat pemakaman bagi … The overall effect is immediate viewer orientation according to the major axis of the building, even though the cylindrical space topped by a hemispherical dome is inherently ambiguous. The Pantheon (UK: / ˈ p æ n θ i ə n /, US: /-ɒ n /; Latin: Pantheum, from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheion, "[temple] of all the gods") is a former Roman temple, now a Catholic church (Basilica di Santa Maria ad Martyres or Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs), in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD). She reexamined Herbert Bloch's 1959 paper, which is responsible for the commonly maintained Hadrianic date, and maintains that he should not have excluded all of the Trajanic-era bricks from his brick-stamp study. On 26 May 1929, this deaconry was suppressed to establish the Cardinal Deaconry of S. Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine. The oculus at the top of the dome was never covered, allowing rainfall through the ceiling and onto the floor. An ionic frieze runs around its exterior walls. The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhof (1973). Panteonul, o clădire din Roma (Italia), comandat de Marcus Agrippa ca un templu pentru toți zeii din Roma antică, și reconstruit de împăratul Hadrian, în aproximativ 126 d.Hr. The Pantheon is a former Roman temple, now a Catholic church (Basilica di Santa Maria ad Martyres or Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs), in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD). The Pan­theon is a state prop­erty, man­aged by Italy's Min­istry of Cul­tural Her­itage and Ac­tiv­i­ties and Tourism through the Polo Muse­ale del Lazio; in 2013 it was vis­ited by over 6 mil­lion peo­ple. Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome: Innovations in Context. Mark and Hutchison estimated that, if normal weight concrete had been used throughout, the stresses in the arch would have been some 80% greater. In the early 17th century, Urban VIII Barberini tore away the bronze ceiling of the portico, and replaced the medieval campanile with the famous twin towers (often wrongly attributed to Bernini[37]) called "the ass's ears",[38] which were not removed until the late 19th century. Place du Panthéon, a square in Paris; Pantheon, London, an 18th-century place of entertainment; Pantheon of National Revival Heroes, a Bulgarian national monument and ossuary; Pantheon, Moscow, a planned but uncompleted memorial … Dio appears to be the only near-contemporaneous writer to mention the Pantheon. Today, it is not known what gods were included. [52], No tensile test results are available on the concrete used in the Pantheon; however, Cowan discussed tests on ancient concrete from Roman ruins in Libya, which gave a compressive strength of 20 MPa (2,900 psi). Certainly the word pantheus or pantheos, could be applicable to individual deities. Bearing in mind also that the Greek word θεῖος (theios) need not mean 'of a god' but could mean 'superhuman', or even 'excellent'. On the altar is a statue of St Joseph and the Holy Child by Vincenzo de' Rossi. [57] These dimensions make more sense when expressed in ancient Roman units of measurement: The dome spans 150 Roman feet; the oculus is 30 Roman feet in diameter; the doorway is 40 Roman feet high. Revenir à la page « Panthéon (Rome) ». The present high altars and the apses were commissioned by Pope Clement XI (1700–1721) and designed by Alessandro Specchi. [65][66] In antiquity, the coffers may have contained bronze rosettes symbolising the starry firmament. In the second chapel is the tomb of King Victor Emmanuel II (died 1878). Domitian rebuilt the Pantheon, which was burnt again in 110 AD. [26], The degree to which the decorative scheme should be credited to Hadrian's architects is uncertain. The royal tombs are maintained by the National Institute of Honour Guards to the Royal Tombs, founded in 1878. [41] Concerning this, an anonymous contemporary Roman satirist quipped in a pasquinade (a publicly posted poem) that quod non fecerunt barbari fecerunt Barberini ("What the barbarians did not do the Barberinis [Urban VIII's family name] did"). En grec ancien, πᾶν (pãn) signifie « tout » et θεός (theos), « dieu ». The second niche has a statue of St Agnes, by Vincenzo Felici. 1676 x 1200 jpeg 773kB. The third niche holds the mortal remains – his Ossa et cineres, "Bones and ashes", as the inscription on the sarcophagus says – of the great artist Raphael. On the left wall is a Descent of the Holy Ghost (1790) by Pietro Labruzi. Un panthéon est l'ensemble des dieux d'une mythologie : par exemple, le panthéon gréco-romain.Ce mot vient du grec : pan (« tous ») et théos (« dieu »), et signifie donc « tous les dieux ». All other extant ancient domes were either designed with tie-rods, chains and banding or have been retrofitted with such devices to prevent collapse. Manfredo Manfredi won the competition, and started work in 1885. traveldigg.com. Le Panthéon est lun des bâtiments le plus représentatif du centre de Rome. They also organize picket guards at the tombs. The only definite pantheon recorded earlier than Agrippa's was at Antioch in Syria, though it is only mentioned by a sixth-century source. [3] The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43 metres (142 ft).[4]. [60], Though often drawn as a free-standing building, there was a building at its rear which abutted it. The bronze epigram commemorated Pope Clement XI's restoration of the sanctuary. Even by the year 200, there was uncertainty about the origin of the building and its purpose: Agrippa finished the construction of the building called the Pantheon. Les panthéons nationaux pouvaient s'augmenter d'ajouts étrangers : ainsi les Égyptiens adoptèrent Astarté, les Romains Isis, les Grecs modifièrent le panthéon des autres peuples pour le coller au leur, les Phéniciens accueillirent Hathor (dame de Byblos), les Asiatiques possédaient tous un Baal national, les Carthaginois adoptèrent les dieux grecs, etc. Le contenu est disponible sous licence CC BY-SA 3.0 sauf mention contraire. Buildings. 1200 x 741 jpeg 253kB. In the early decades of the 20th century, a piece of the original, as could be reconstructed from Renaissance drawings and paintings, was recreated in one of the panels. Par métonymie, le terme désigne l'ensemble des divinités d'une mythologie ou religion[1]. On peut voir su… The Pantheon (meaning "Temple of all the gods") is a building in Rome. There are three memorial plaques in the floor, one conmmemorating a Gismonda written in the vernacular. Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheon's dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome.