[107], Gross domestic product (PPP) per capita in 2014, Unemployment rate of Russia since the fall of the Soviet Union, Map showing countries who have higher or lower GDP per capita than Russia, The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1992–2018. 30 Years After The Wall. Organization. This codec is designed for high-quality voice and music applications, and supports scalable narrowband, wideband, super wideband, and fullband coding, with sample rates of 8, 16, 24, 32 and 48 kHz and audio bandwidth of up to 20 kHz. [99] Former finance minister Alexei Kudrin has said that Russia needs to reduce geopolitical tensions to improve its economic conditions.[102]. The decree puts special emphasis on purchases of innovation products and technologies. 22 (-96) Scheduled commercial flights on airplanes above 5.7t only Last updated: 2020-12-07. In the 1990s Russia was "the largest borrower" from the International Monetary Fund with loans totaling $20 billion. [citation needed] In 2013, Russia was labeled a high-income economy by the World Bank.[69]. Leading launch vehicle producers are Khrunichev and TsSKB Progress. Within services the most important segments are: wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods (17% of total GDP); public administration, health and education (12%); real estate (9%) and transport storage and communications (7%). About See All. [92] While in 2014 GDP growth remained positive at 0.6%,[93] in 2015 the Russian economy shrunk by 3.7% and was expected to shrink further in 2016. Mining (11% of GDP), manufacturing (13%) and construction (4%) are the most important industry segments. November 18, 2019 . [60][61] The number of people living below poverty line declined from 30% in 2000 to 14% in 2008. Not Available. A supermarket selling groceries is a typical anchor store in a Russian mall. In Russia, services are the biggest sector of the economy and account for 58% of GDP. Bildung, Beschäftigung, politische Teilhabe, Familienbeziehungen, Freizeit und Nutzung von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie, aber … The government has launched a program promoting construction of IT-oriented technology parks (Technoparks)—special zones that have an established infrastructure and enjoy a favorable tax and customs regime, in seven different places around the country: Moscow, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga, Tumen, Republic of Tatarstan and St. Peterburg Regions. Following the annexation of Crimea in March 2014 and Russia's involvement in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine, the United States, the EU (and some other European countries), Canada and Japan imposed sanctions on Russia's financial, energy and defense sectors. Main import partners are China (10% of total imports) and Germany (8%). Rich cultural heritage and great natural variety place Russia among the most popular tourist destinations in the world. 4 (-1) Scheduled commercial flights on airplanes above 5.7t only Last updated: … Fatal Accidents 2020 vs 2019 Global Year-to-Date. zum Download auf iwkoeln.de. [137] Many experts admit that in recent years corruption in Russia has become a business. Ansprechpartner vor Ort // on-the-spot German-speaking contact partners … Russland im Fokus: Hier erhalten Sie ausführliche Nachrichten, Videos und Bilder der FAZ zum flächenmäßig größten Land der Erde. 1 Jahr ago . Its overall score has increased by 2.1 points due primarily to a higher fiscal health score. The country has made substantial improvement recently in areas like innovation and trade freedom. [59] In the same period, unemployment and poverty more than halved and Russians' self-assessed life satisfaction also rose significantly. Allerdings ist bisher noch unklar, ob Russland plant 2019 den Produktionseinschränkungen der OPEC-Hersteller weiter nachkommen und seine Ölexporte verringert, um so den globalen Ölpreis zu erhöhen, oder ob Russland seine Rohölproduktion stattdessen erhöht, um den USA Marktanteile zu nehmen. [66][67][68] A sharp, but brief recession in Russia was followed by a strong recovery beginning in late 2009. Als die Sowjetunion Anfang der 90er-Jahre zusammenbrach und als Russland wieder auferstand, musste die Regierung ihre Wirtschaft neu erfinden.. The Russian monetary system is managed by the Bank of Russia. [43] Historically, from 1994 until 2013, Russia Exports averaged 18668.83 USD million reaching an all-time high of 51338 USD million in December 2011 and a record low of 4087 USD million in January 1994. Note: Laws and other legal acts adopted in Russia may not contradict the Constitution. Starting in 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev attempted to address economic problems by moving towards a market-oriented socialist economy. Wird das Wachstum in Russland 2019 deutlich sinken? This cumulates to an overall value of around 984 bil. Russia is the largest diamond-producing nation in the world, estimated to produce over 33 million carats in 2013, or 25% of global output valued at over $3.4 billion, with state-owned ALROSA accounting for approximately 95% of all Russian production. [127], Corruption in Russia is perceived as a significant problem[128] impacting all aspects of life, including public administration,[129] law enforcement,[130] healthcare[131] and education. Urlaub im Corona-Sommer, Deutschland und Russland 2020: Ansichten des russischen Botschafters. [citation needed] The research organization Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies ranked the air defense system producer Almaz-Antey as the industry's most successful company in 2007, followed by aircraft-maker Sukhoi. The production and value of the military aircraft branch far outstrips other defense industry sectors, and aircraft products make up more than half of the country's arms exports. (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Soviet economy Industrialization under Stalin. [81], During 2014-2015 a quarter of banks in Russia left the market, the expenses of Russian bank guarantee fund reached 1 trillion roubles plus additional government funds for recapitalisation of banks reached 1.9 trillion roubles. Under the government's cover, outrageous financial manipulations were performed that enriched a narrow group of individuals at key positions of business and government. [104] Approximately 19.2 million of Russians lived below the national poverty line in 2016,[105] significantly up from 16.1 million in 2015. Automobile production is a significant industry in Russia, directly employing around 600,000 people or 0.7% of the country's total workforce. In 2009 the industry produced 595,807 light vehicles, down from 1,469,898 in 2008 due to the global financial crisis. [170] Russian insurance market in 2013 demonstrated quite significant rate of growth in operations. "[41][42] One study estimates that "the wealth held offshore by rich Russians is about three times larger than official net foreign reserves, and is comparable in magnitude to total household financial assets held in Russia."[40]. In terms of value, 2007 has been the most active year with 158 bil. Deine E-Mail-Adresse wird nicht veröffentlicht. December 16, 2019 . Level of claims paid on the market total without CHI is 46.5%, an insufficient increase compared to 2012. [80] Russia is rated one of the most unequal of the world’s major economies. Russia has a large and sophisticated arms industry, capable of designing and manufacturing high-tech military equipment, including a fifth-generation fighter jet, nuclear powered submarines, firearms, and short range/long range ballistic missiles. [needs update] However, the ruble has fallen significantly since 2013 when the central bank announced the plans. Der Geschäftsklimaindex gibt außerdem Auskunft über zukünftige Entwicklungen und wirtschaftliche Leistung. Charity XMas Festival 2019. Foreign trade of Russia - Russian export and import[183], Foreign trade rose 34% to $151.5 billion in the first half of 2005, mainly due to the increase in oil and gas prices which now form 64% of all exports by value. [citation needed], Russia has more than a fifth of the world's forests, which makes it the largest forest country in the world. Telefon: 0221 4981-512 E-Mail: beer@iwkoeln.de. [123], Russia is one of the leading nations for protectionist policies. However, during December 2015 it was reported by the Moscow Times that the number of people living at or below the poverty line, "those with monthly incomes of less than 9,662 rubles ($140)" increased by more than 2.3 million people. Erforderliche Felder sind mit * markiert. USD: The majority of the top 10 deals are within the Russian Oil and Gas sector, followed by Metals and Mining. More than 2,000 foreign companies opened up businesses in Germany in 2018 – a new … [166], A further 270,000 freight cars in Russia are privately owned[citation needed]. [144] However, according to a 2012 study by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the government of the Russian Federation,[145] the considerable potential of Russian forests is underutilized and Russia's share of the global trade in forest products is less than 4%. [84] Between 2000 and 2012 Russia's energy exports fueled a rapid growth in living standards, with real disposable income rising by 160%. Das Ministerium für wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der Russischen Föderation prognostizierte einen Anstieg der Inflationsrate auf 5,2 bis 5,4 Prozent zwischen März und Mai und einer Abnahme der Inflationsrate auf 4,3 Prozent bis zum Ende des Jahres. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events. [174] Meanwhile, the fastest growing segment of the IT market is offshore programming. Eighty-two malls had been built near major cities including a few that were very large. This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia balance of trade. Russland; Russlands Wirtschaft wird sich nur langsam erholen; Wirtschaftsausblick Russland Konjunktur Russlands Wirtschaft wird sich nur langsam erholen Russland wurde von der Covid-19-Pandemie spät, dafür aber mit voller Wucht getroffen. The National Prosperity Fund is to be invested into more risky instruments, including the shares of foreign companies. In 2009 Russia had 128,000 kilometres of common-carrier railroad line, of which about half was electrified and carried most of the traffic; over 40% was double track or better. A new low-complexity audio codec, LC3plus, has been added as an option to the 2019 revision of the DECT standard. In 2009, companies belonging to the United Aircraft Corporation delivered 95 new fixed-wing aircraft to its customers, including 15 civilian models. [132] The phenomenon of corruption is strongly established in the historical model of public governance in Russia and attributed to general weakness of rule of law in Russia. [138] In a 2020 survey 45% of Russian citizens approved tax evasion, a sharp rise from 35% from 2019, and 60% have experienced reduced income in May as compared to February.[139]. [33][34] Russia is considered an "energy superpower". Others include: Italy, France, Japan and United States. [59] The volume of consumer credit between 2000–2006 increased 45 times, fuelling a boom in private consumption. ука́з Russia's vast geography is an important determinant of its economic activity, with some sources estimating that Russia contains over 30 percent of the world's natural resources. In der ersten Jahreshälfte 2019 wird das Wachstum der russischen Wirtschaft nach den Erwartungen der Zentralbank voraussichtlich durch kurzfristig wirksame Faktoren wie das schwächere Wachstum der Weltwirtschaft, niedrigere Ölpreise und die preistreibenden Wirkungen der Erhöhung der Mehrwertsteuer vorübergehend gedämpft werden. Derzeit liegt der Ölpreis bei $64 (WTI Crude, Stand 19.04.2019). It is also chief regulator and a lender of last resort for the banking industry in Russia. The first part is a reserve fund equal to 10% of GDP (10% of GDP equals to about $200 billion now), and was to be invested in a similar way as the Stabilization Fund. [167][168], In 2009 the Russian construction industry survived its most difficult year in more than a decade. It has the second largest coal reserves, the eighth largest oil reserves, and is the largest exporter, or second largest exporter of oil in the world in absolute numbers. Die Deutsch-Russische Auslandshandelskammer vertritt die Interessen der deutschen Wirtschaft in Russland. Über Ausserer & Consultants Ausserer & Consultants ist ein deutsch-österreichisches Steuer- und Buchhaltungsbüro mit Sitz… Industrie Russland – der drittgrößte … Dezember 2019, 12:30 Uhr Hotel Stefanie // 2. Inflation under 5% is in green.[108]. [173], Under a government decree signed On June 2013, a special "roadmap" is expected to ease business suppliers’ access to the procurement programs of state-owned infrastructure monopolies, including such large ones as Gazprom, Rosneft, Russian Railways, Rosatom, and Transneft. Die Erhöhung der Mehrwertsteuer am Anfang des Jahres trägt zur Inflation bei. Bank of Russia attempted to combat this trend by aggressively accumulating foreign currency reserves. Christian Steiner, Moskau 04.01.2019. Mining (11% of GDP), manufacturing (13%) and construction (4%) are the most important industry segments. Much of the reason for the recovery was the devaluation of the ruble, which made domestic producers more competitive nationally and internationally. Der Einzelhandelsumsatz zeigt die verkauften Waren in einer Volkswirtschaft und somit die Konsumausgaben und ist eng mit dem Verbrauchervertrauen verbunden. The Russian government is also empowered to decide on the handover of the previously mentioned sections of the mineral resources for development without any contests and auctions. [140] Per capita oil production in Russia, though, is not that high. Yeltsin's program of radical, market-oriented reform came to be known as a "shock therapy". [82], At the end of 2016, the United States imposed further sanctions on the Russian Federation in response to what the US government said was Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. Others include: pharmaceuticals, textile and footwear, plastics and optical instruments. Eine wesentliche Rolle spielt dabei "Russland in Zahlen", ein Gemeinschaftsprojekt der AHK, der Wirtschaftsabteilung der Deutschen Botschaft Moskau und Germany Trade and Invest (GTAI). The IMF was the subject of criticism for lending so much as Russia introduced little of the reforms promised for the money and a large part of these funds could have been "diverted from their intended purpose and included in the flows of capital that left the country illegally".[56][57]. The largest companies are light vehicle producers AvtoVAZ and GAZ, while KAMAZ is the leading heavy vehicle producer. Shopping malls were popular with international investors and shoppers from the emerging middle class. Bereits Ende Juni hatte es Presseberichte gegeben, das russische Wirtschaftsministerium werde hauptsächlich wegen der Erhöhung der Mehrwertsteuer seine Prognosen für das Wachstum der russischen Wirtschaft beträchtlich senken. [54] Many of them promptly invested their newfound wealth abroad producing an enormous capital flight.[55]. A poll completed in 2018 among 1400 managers of non-hydrocarbons Russian businesses demonstrated high level of pessimism, with majority describing the economic situation in the country as "catastrophic". As of 2012[update], the oil-and-gas sector accounted for 16% of GDP, 52% of federal budget revenues and over 70% of total exports. Spät aber doch wurde von Bilderberg die Teilnehmehlerliste für dieses Jahr veröffentlicht. The growth continued in 2017, with an increase of 1.5%. 7 Fragen Buchhaltung & Steuern & Recht Insights Geschäftsaufbau, Buchhaltung und Geschäftsperspektiven in Russland – 7 Fragen an Johannes Ausserer von Ausserer & Consultants . [58], Between 2000 and 2008, Russian economy got a major boost from rising commodity prices. Community See All. The value of Russian arms exports totalled $15.7 billion in 2013—second only to the US. Derzeit beträgt die Verbraucherpreisinflation in Russland 5,3 Prozent. Since 2010 value and numbers have decreased constantly and another wave of M&A is expected.[184]. Mit knapp 900 Mitgliedsunternehmen ist die AHK die größte ausländische Interessensvertretung in Russland. [148] As of 2020, Russia faces problems of over-nutrition with over 23% of adults obese and over 57% overweight. Northern areas concentrate mainly on livestock, and the southern parts and western Siberia produce grain. Mikhail Svetlov, Getty Images Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg entwickelte sich die Sowjetunion zur globalen Supermacht, die es mit den USA aufnehmen konnte. [73] This led to the decline of the Russian ruble and sparked fears of a Russian financial crisis. Premiums to GDP ratio (total without CHI) in 2013 increased to 1.36% compared to 1.31 a year before. Corrupt and haphazard privatization processes turned over major state-owned firms to politically connected "oligarchs", which has left equity ownership highly concentrated. Die Pella Sietas Werft in Hamburg-Neuenfelde (Facebook) Mit 120 Metern Länge wird es der größte, in Deutschland gebaute Eisbrecher aller Zeiten sein. Russia’s economic freedom score is 61.0, making its economy the 94th freest in the 2020 Index. The number of policies in 2013 increased on 0.1% compared to 2012, to 139.6 mln policies. Russia runs regular trade surpluses primarily due to exports of commodities. The rise of these lines is connected, evidently, with the increase in consumer loans, as the total sum of credit obligations of population in 2013 increased by 28% to RUB 9.9 trillion. Others include: agricultural raw materials (2.2%) and textiles (0.2%).[181]. Das Wachstum des Reallohns wird 2019 laut einer Prognose von Moskaus Higher School of Economics nur bei etwa 1,5 Prozent liegen. In addition, the industry produced over 141 helicopters. Insights from a modern lending platform: crypto or coin? [147] In 2016 agriculture surpassed the arms industry as Russia's second largest export sector after oil and gas. [180] Balance of trade in Russia is reported by the Central Bank of Russia. The Russian aircraft industry offers a portfolio of internationally competitive military aircraft such as MiG-29 and Su-30, while new projects such as the Sukhoi Superjet 100 are hoped to revive the fortunes of the civilian aircraft segment. A lovely Christmas tree . Die Unternehmen leiden unter dem langen Lockdown, die Staatskasse unter dem niedrigen Ölpreis. [70] In 2012 oil, gas and petroleum products accounted for over 70% of total exports. Über den Autor Klaus Dormann. Russia was expected to have a Government Budget deficit of $21 billion in 2016. Trade with CIS countries is up 13.2% to $23.3 billion. In addition, the industry supports around 2–3 million people in related industries. In Übereinstimmung mit den finanzpolitischen Regeln, nutzt das Ministerium für Finanzen der Russischen Föderation Russlands Gas- und Öleinnahmen, um Fremdwährung auf dem heimischen Devisenmarkt zu kaufen und zu verkaufen. [citation needed], Between 1985 and 2018 almost 28,500 mergers or acquisitions have been announced in Russia. [citation needed]. Trade with the EU forms 52.9%, with the CIS 15.4%, Eurasian Economic Community 7.8% and Asia-Pacific Economic Community 15.9%. Thus, if "banking" lines of business are excluded, Russian insurance market is in stagnation stage for the last four years, as premiums to GDP ratio net of life and accident insurance remains at the same level of 1.1% since 2010.[171]. Wirtschaft in Russland – Überblick über die makroökonomischen Entwicklungen in Russland 2019 2 Jahren ago Am 16. Bezirk // Taborstraße 12 // Wien . [152], Space industry of Russia consists of over 100 companies and employs 250,000 people. In 2007, about 1.3 billion passengers[164] and 1.3 billion tons of freight[165] went via Russian Railways. Ihnen … Letztes Jahr haben die Fertigstellung der Produktionsanlagen von Flüssiggas in der Yamal Region, steigende Exporte von Öl und Gas und ein Anstieg im tertiären Sektor wesentlich zum starken BIP-Wachstum beigetragen. By the 1950s, the Soviet Union had rapidly evolved from a mainly agrarian society into a major industrial power. Bisher nimmt … Das Ministerium für wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der Russischen Föderation, zukünftige Entwicklungen und wirtschaftliche Leistung, wirtschaftliche entwicklung russlands 2019, Managing a Scientific Start-Up – Interview with Ivan Orlov, CEO of Scientific Visual, Wie funktioniert die Wirtschaftsförderung zwischen Russland und der Schweiz? Neue Prognose des Wirtschaftsministeriums und wie Forscher im Westen Russlands Konjunktur sehen. [52], The majority of state enterprises were privatized amid great controversy and subsequently came to be owned by insiders[53] for far less than they were worth. 2020 vs 2019 Global Year-to-Date. IW-Kurzbericht. It is also the second-largest exporter of petroleum. Erfahren Sie in diesem Beitrag mehr über die Modelle der Co-Direktion und wie man die … On 1 February 2008 the Stabilization fund was divided into two parts. [58], Russian banks were hit by the global credit crunch in 2008, though no long term damage was done thanks to proactive and timely response by the government and central bank, which shielded the banking system from effects of the global financial crisis. Eastern German Success Stories: To mark the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Wall, Germany Trade & Invest (GTAI) has produced a short film illustrating the state of play in the east with six individual success stories. Interview with Leonid Grigoriev". It is the fifth-largest national economy in Europe, the eleventh-largest in the world in terms of nominal GDP, and the sixth-largest by purchasing power parity. [86] This growth was a combined result of the 2000s commodities boom, high oil prices, as well as prudent economic and fiscal policies. [106], In 2019 Russia’s Natural Resources and Environment Ministry estimated the value of natural resources to $844 billion or 60% of the country's GDP. One of them is the supporting role of the Russian Government. Expanding U.S. energy productionwould stress Russia’s economy, potentially constraining its government budget and, by extension, its defense spending. As of 2007, Russia was producing 69.603 bbl/day per 1,000 people, much less than Canada (102.575 bbl/day), Saudi Arabia (371.363 bbl/day), or Norway (554.244 bbl/day), but more than two times the USA (28.083 bbl/day) or the UK (27.807 bbl/day). Der Geschäftsklimaindex, welcher die Stimmung unter Herstellern einer Wirtschaft misst, hat sich im Vergleich zu 2018 von -8 Indexpunkten auf -2 verbessert. [113], The Russian Central Bank has been planning to free float the Russian ruble and has been widening the currency's trading band and expects the ruble to be fully free floating in 2015. Russia was the world's 15th largest car producer in 2010, and accounts for about 7% of the worldwide production. HSE University St Petersburg. [72] Since 2008, Moscow has been by Forbes magazine repeatedly named the "billionaire capital of the world". Die Zentralbank erwartet einen Anstieg der Inflation bis zu 6 Prozent in der ersten Hälfte des Jahres. This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Imports. Bank of Russia is governed by a board of directors, headed by a governor who is appointed by the President of Russia. [77] To balance the state budget in 2015, oil price would need to be around US$74 as opposed to US$104 for 2014. According to the Central Bank of Russia 422 insurance companies operate on the Russian insurance market by the end of 2013. Reaction to the event was mixed: President Vladimir Putin congratulated the explorers for "the outstanding scientific project", while Canadian officials stated the expedition was just a public show. [47], After 16 years of negotiations, Russia's membership to the WTO was accepted in 2011. Corrupt hierarchies characterize different sectors of the economy,[127] including education. By the 1970s the Soviet Union entered the Era of Stagnation. [150] The most popular types of weaponry bought from Russia are Sukhoi and MiG fighters, air defense systems, helicopters, battle tanks, armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles. It periodically changes positions with Saudi Arabia. WorldCat Home About WorldCat Help ... Reinbek : Rowohlt E-Book, 2019 Online-Ressource, 384 Seiten Online-Ausgabe (DE-101)1193994802: Document Type: Book: All Authors / Contributors: Golineh Atai; Rowohlt Berlin Verlag. In comparison, some independent experts maintain that corruption consumes as much of 25% of Russia's GDP. [162], Key data on the telecommunications market in Russia[160], Russian Railways accounts for 2.5%[163] of Russia's GDP. Russia bounced back from the August 1998 financial crash with surprising speed. "Putin. Tel: +91-22-66652 121 Fax: +91-22-66652 120 Our students celebrate it in the … Russia responded with sanctions against a number of countries, including a one-year period of total ban on food imports from the European Union and the United States. Along with a rapid devaluation of the ruble, inflation in Russia has greatly increased. Russland und OPEC wollten dieser Entwicklung entgegensteuern, konnten sich im März 2020 aber auf keine weitere Förderkürzung einigen. FDI in Germany. Russian leaders repeatedly spoke of the need to diversify the economy away from its dependence on oil and gas and foster a high-technology sector. As of December 2007, there were an estimated 4,900,000 broadband lines in Russia.[159]. Russia recorded a trade surplus of USD$15.8 billion in 2013. 25.05.2020 . von David Mustafaev, Ausserer&Consultants Vor fünf Jahren hat die russische Gesetzgebung die Möglichkeit der gleichzeitigen Funktion mehrerer Generaldirektoren in einem Unternehmen eingeführt. Wirtschaft in Russland – Überblick über die makroökonomischen Entwicklungen in Russland 2019. [64][112] In April 2012 Russian inflation reached record low of 3.6%. The volume of decisions facing planners in Moscow became overwhelming. The mineral-packed Ural Mountains and the vast fossil fuel (oil, gas, coal), and timber reserves of Siberia and the Russian Far East make Russia rich in natural resources, which dominate Russian exports. [citation needed] Forbes magazine lists Russia as #91 in the best countries for business. Die Abteilung Government Relations vertritt die Interessen deutscher Unternehmen gegenüber russischen Ministerien und Stakeholdern und pflegt Kontakte auf politischer … [88][89] Russia also has the second-largest volume of illicit money outflows, having lost over $880 billion between 2002 and 2011 in this way. [74], According to the Russian economic ministry in July 2014, GDP growth in the first half of 2014 was 1%. Um die Wirkung auf die Währung zu aufzuheben, wurden durch Rohstoffexporte erwirtschaftete Einnahmeüberschüsse in einem Fond gesammelt. The complex demands of the modern economy and inflexible administration overwhelmed and constrained the central planners. Beginning in 1928, the course of the Soviet Union's economy was guided by a series of five-year plans. [85] In dollar-denominated terms this amounted to a more than sevenfold increase in disposable incomes since 2000. Top military exports from Russia include combat aircraft, air defence systems, ships and submarines. [94] However, the World Bank and the IMF estimated that Russia's economy will begin to recover by 2017. Mai – 02. Außerdem ist der Einzelhandelsumsatz Bestandteil der Berechnung des BIPs. According to a survey provided by Financial Times in 2012, Russia was second by economic performance among G20, following Saudi Arabia, based on seven measures: gross domestic product growth, budget deficit and government debt for 2012; economic recovery – output compared with the pre-crisis peak; change in debt since 2009; change in unemployment from 2009 to 2013; and, finally, the deviation of the current account from balance. Tourism in Russia has seen rapid growth since the late Soviet period, first domestic tourism and then international tourism. This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Exports. [141], Russia is also a leading producer and exporter of minerals and gold. According to the independent Global Trade Alert, Russia put significant protectionist policies in place. In 2015, Russia main exports are oil and natural gas (62.8% of total exports), ores and metals (5.9%), chemical products (5.8%), machinery and transport equipment (5.4%) and food (4.7%). Von Gerit Schulze | Moskau … [101] Russia has the world's 15th highest patent application rate, the 8th highest concentration of high-tech public companies, such as internet and aerospace and the third highest graduation rate of scientists and engineers. [28][29][30] The World Bank estimates the total value of Russia's natural resources at $75 trillion US dollars. [149], Russia's defense industry employs 2.5 – 3 million people, accounting for 20% of all manufacturing jobs. [47] Several reasons have been proposed to explain the slowdown, including prolonged recession in the EU, which is Russia's largest trading partner, stagnant oil prices, lack of spare industrial capacity and demographic problems. Due to central bank intervention and stronger oil prices the ruble rebounded sharply at the beginning of 2015. As before, life insurance and accident insurance are often used by banks as an appendix to a credit contract protecting creditors from the risk of credit default in case of borrower’s death or disability.